Abstract: Laser weeding is a precise, eco-friendly and non-contact weeding technology that integrates AI vision and laser physics. It effectively addresses the problems of pesticide residues and weed resistance caused by traditional chemical weeding, representing an important development direction of smart agriculture. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of laser weeding technology, focusing on three core technologies: target recognition, dynamic positioning, and energy efficiency, and analyzes the technical bottlenecks in complex canopy adaptability and energy efficiency control. Furthermore, the development trends of laser weeding technology are prospected, including multi-sensor fusion and robot swarm collaboration. The industrialization pathway expanding its application from protected agriculture to field crops is also envisioned, which provides an important reference for the technological research and development as well as application orientation.